9 articles tagged with long baseline.
Hyper-Kamiokande, Japan's next-generation neutrino observatory, has spent the mid-2020s being carved out of a mountain in Gifu prefecture. As of 2026 the cavern is excavated and the detector is being built out. Here is what's happening on site, what's still ahead, and why the field is watching.
A neutrino beam is a directed stream of neutrinos produced at a particle accelerator and aimed at a detector hundreds of kilometres away. Here is how the beam is made, why physicists go to so much trouble to build one, and which experiments rely on them today.
The most ambitious neutrino experiment ever built. What DUNE will measure in the 2030s and what its definitive results should look like by 2040.
How particle accelerators produce focused, high-energy neutrino beams aimed at distant detectors — the technology behind T2K, NOvA, DUNE, and Hyper-Kamiokande.
Before T2K, before Hyper-Kamiokande, there was K2K — the KEK-to-Kamioka experiment that ran from 1999 to 2004. It was the first accelerator-based long-baseline experiment to confirm neutrino oscillation, paving the way for everything Japan's neutrino program has done since.
Before NOvA, before DUNE, Fermilab fired its first neutrino beam 735 kilometers north to the Soudan mine in Minnesota. The MINOS experiment ran from 2005 to 2016 and produced some of the most precise oscillation parameter measurements of its era.
From a beam line in Illinois to a 14,000-ton plastic detector in northern Minnesota, NOvA has been hunting for CP violation and pinning down the neutrino mass ordering since 2014.
Every few seconds, the J-PARC accelerator complex in Tokai produces a burst of muon neutrinos and points them at a giant water tank under a mountain near Toyama. The experiment is called T2K — and it has been quietly leading the CP-violation hunt for fifteen years.
DUNE uses a 1300 km baseline and a liquid-argon time-projection chamber; Hyper-K uses a 295 km baseline and a 260-kiloton water Cherenkov tank. Both will measure CP violation in neutrinos — but with complementary strengths and different systematic risks.
